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Article History

Received: 24 April 2025

Revised: 17 September 2025

Accepted: 21 September 2025

First Online: 1 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

: The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Ethics Committee of the City University of Macau (Ethics approval number: FHSS240001). The procedures used in this study adhere to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.