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L2 Self-Guides, Achievement Emotions, and Engagement in AI-Mediated Informal Digital Learning of English: Insights from Structural Equation Modeling and Psychological Network Analysis

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-025-01073-y

Published Online: 2026-01-07

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Wang, Xiaochen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4786-8777
Gao, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5888-6033
Reynolds, Barry Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3984-2059
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

National Social Science Fund Project of China (23XYY005)

Education Department of Shaanxi Province (SJS2025GS002)

Education Department of Shaanxi Province (2023JSZD003)
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-01-07

Version of Record valid from 2026-01-07
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Article History

Received: 6 September 2025

Revised: 11 December 2025

Accepted: 13 December 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

: Informed consent to participate was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Informed consent for publication was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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