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Authors
Aji, Sudi Dul https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6695-8836
Ain, Nurul
Zaini, Akhmad
Hudha, Muhammad Nur
Gunawan, Kadek Dwi Hendratma
Pratiwi, Hestiningtyas Yuli
Wahyudi, Andi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Direktorat Riset dan Pengabdian Masyarakat (129/C3/DT.05.00/PL/2025)
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Article History
Received: 5 October 2025
Revised: 7 January 2026
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 4 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards for research involving human participants. All procedures were reviewed and approved by the Universitas PGRI Kanjuruhan Malang ethics committee prior to data collection.
: All participants in this study voluntarily agreed to take part after being fully informed about the nature, purpose, procedures, and potential risks and benefits of the research. Informed consent was obtained from all individuals, and participants were assured of their right to withdraw from the study at any point without any negative consequences.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this research.
