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Article History

Received: 10 June 2025

Accepted: 11 October 2025

First Online: 11 November 2025

Declarations

:

: At the time of submission of this article on 10 June 2025, the author had no competing interests as defined by Springer, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper. Subsequent to the submission of the article, the author was engaged to provide consultancy to the KAK on International Regulation and Governance on a voluntary basis. Given that the author only took on this role after the article was submitted (and the article has not been substantively amended since then other than to respond to some reviewer comments), the author does not consider that it represents a competing interest, and is comfortable that the article remains the work of an independent scholar. The author therefore considers that he has no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

: Not applicable.