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Authors
Yan, Hongjiang
Li, Ke
Yan, Hongyu
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Article History
Received: 1 June 2025
Accepted: 29 July 2025
First Online: 13 August 2025
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Cancer Hospital (No. SDTHEC202507023). The requirement for written informed consent was formally waived by the ethics committee under Article 39 of China’s Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Humans (National Health Commission, 2016), as the research exclusively utilized fully de-identified historical data presenting no more than minimal risk to participants.
: Consent for publication was concurrently waived in accordance with ICMJE guidelines §4.8.3, given the complete anonymization of the dataset and absence of sensitive clinical images. All personal identifiers were removed following the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
