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Article History

Accepted: 24 May 2025

First Online: 3 June 2025

Declarations

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: This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. Since this work involved collection and analysis of data regarding phone apps and not individual persons, this work does not meet criteria for Human Subjects Research, so ethics approval was not necessary.

: All authors declare no competing interests with respect to the content of this manuscript. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. MNP discloses that he has consulted for and advised Baria-Tek and Boehringer Ingelheim; been involved in a patent application with Yale University and Novartis; received research support from the Mohegan Sun Casino and the Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling; consulted for or advised legal, non-profit, healthcare and gambling entities on issues related to impulse control, internet use and addictive behaviors; performed grant reviews; edited journals/journal sections; given academic lectures in grand rounds, CME events, and other clinical/scientific venues; and generated books or chapters for publishers of mental health texts. The other authors do not report disclosures.