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Authors
Moran, Meghan Bridgid https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6745-6668
Tharmarajah, Saraniya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6186-9995
Czaplicki, Lauren https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7496-0990
Thrul, Johannes https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8929-9579
Spindle, Tory R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2859-116X
Vandrey, Ryan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6657-884X
Pearson, Jennifer L.
Zamarripa, C. Austin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6426-8984
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Drug Abuse
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Article History
Received: 26 January 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 27 December 2025
Declarations
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: No animal or human subjects were used by the authors in this study.
: Dr. Moran served as a paid witness in litigation sponsored by the Public Health Advocacy Institute against RJ Reynolds. Dr. Vandrey has served as a paid consultant or scientific advisory board member to Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Charlotte’s Web, Schedule 1 Therapeutics, Syqe Medical Ltd., and WebMD. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare relevant to this work.
