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Authors
Hao, Lei
Li, Jianyong
Xu, Kang
Fan, Wengang
Cao, Hong
Feng, Ziyang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52305005)
Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (E2023105023)
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Article History
Received: 9 August 2025
Accepted: 18 November 2025
First Online: 18 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: The presented approach is described in detail to facilitate replication of the results. Datasets and the detailed model architecture used in this work will be available upon reasonable request.
