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Tuberculous pleural effusion: integrating thoracic ultrasound and medical thoracoscopy in the diagnosis and management: a pictorial narrative review and an algorithm proposal

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-025-01094-9

Published Online: 2025-10-31

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Inchingolo, Riccardo

Carriera, Lorenzo https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2538-1278
Ielo, Simone

Barone, Roberto

Smargiassi, Andrea

Lipsi, Roberto

Baglioni, Stefano

Scala, Raffaele

Magri, Roberto

Marchetti, Giampietro
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-10-31

Version of Record valid from 2025-10-31
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Article History

Received: 23 September 2025

Accepted: 22 October 2025

First Online: 31 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

: Not applicable.

: Written informed consent was obtained for publication of ultrasound and endoscopic images.

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