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Article History

Received: 3 January 2025

Accepted: 25 July 2025

First Online: 15 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Tom Powles: advisory board for AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Exelixis, Incyte, Ipsen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Seagen, Merck Serono, Astellas, Johnson & Johnson, Eisai, Roche, MSD, and MashupMD; travel, accommodation, or expenses from Roche, Pfizer, MSD, AstraZeneca, and Ipsen; honoraria from AstraZeneca, Eisai, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Astellas, BMS GmbH & Co. KG, Exelixis, Incyte, Ipsen, Seagen, Merck Serono, Johnson & Johnson, and MashupMD; research grant from AstraZeneca, Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Exelixis, Ipsen, MSD, Seagen, Novartis, Pfizer, Merck Serono, Astellas, Johnson & Johnson, and Eisai. Advisory board: Astellas AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo. Speaker: Merck & Co. (EMD Serono US, Merck KGaA Europe), Pfizer, and Roche. Benjamin Garmezy: institutional research funding from AbbVie, Accutar Biotechnology, Arcus Biosciences, Arvinas, AstraZeneca, AVEO Oncology, CRISPR Therapeutics, Eikon Therapeutics, Exelixis, Roche/Genentech, Flare Therapeutics, Harbour BioMed, IDEAYA Biosciences, Janssen, Janux Therapeutics, Jubilant Therapeutics, Kineta, Kinnate BioPharma, Loxo, Mink Therapeutics, Nuvation Bio, Profound Bio, Takeda Theapeutics, Teon Therapeutics, Tmunity Therapeutics, Xencor, and Zenshine; and consulting fees/honoraria from AbbVie, Adaptimmune, Adicent Therapeutics, AIQ Global, Amgen, Arcus Biosciences, Arvinas, AstraZeneca, AVEO Oncology, Bayer, Bicycle Tx, Eisai, EMD Serono, Exelixis, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Rondo Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis, Seagen, and Xencor.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.