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Authors
Hudson, Kathryn
Gathirua-Mwangi, Wambui
Williams, Lindsay A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3842-4629
Cui, Zhanglin Lin
Richey, Madeline
Grimes, Brenda
Wang, Jingru
Liepa, Astra M.
Brechtelsbauer, Erich
Volodarsky, Raisa
Moreira, Katheryn
Soliman, Hatem
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Eli Lilly and Company
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Article History
Received: 1 August 2025
Accepted: 22 September 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Declarations
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: Kathryn Hudson: Consultancy/Advisory – Gilead, AstraZeneca/Daiichi, Pfizer. Wambui Gathirua-Mwangi, Lindsay A Williams, Brenda Grimes, Astra M Liepa, Erich Brechtelsbauer, Raisa Volodarsky, and Katheryn Moreira: employees and stockholders of Eli Lilly and Company. Zhanglin Lin Cui: ex-employee and stockholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Madeline Richey and Jingru Wang: Employees of Flatiron Health, Inc., which is an independent member of the Roche Group, and stockholders of Roche. Hatem Soliman: Consultancy/Advisory – AstraZeneca, Novartis, Puma Biotechnology, Seagen, Pfizer, and Lilly; Speakers’ Bureau – Merck; Research Funding – Amgen (Inst); Patents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property – Celyad licensing agreement (Inst).
: Patient consent was not required as this study used deidentified data and does not constitute human subjects research according to the Common Rule; as such, institutional review board approval was not required. Permission to access the database for this study was obtained from Flatiron Health.
