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Article History

Received: 23 June 2025

Accepted: 31 October 2025

First Online: 26 November 2025

Declarations

:

: All authors report medical writing support for the present manuscript. Margarita Majem reports receiving grants from AstraZeneca and F. Hoffmann-La Roche; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Helsinn Therapeutics, Janssen Oncology, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, and Takeda; invited speaker for AstraZeneca, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Helsinn Therapeutics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Pfizer; support for attending meetings and/or travel from AstraZeneca, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme Oncology, and Pfizer. Busyamas Chewaskulyong reports advisory role, local primary investigator, and fiduciary role in another board, society, committee or advocacy group for F. Hoffmann-La Roche. Zanete Zvirbule reports receiving honoraria from AstraZeneca, and travel support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, and Merck Sharp & Dohme. Ki Hyeong Lee reports research funding from Merck Sharp & Dohme; speaker, consultancy, or advisory positions for AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Takeda, and Yuhan. Ernesto Korbenfeld reports being a principal investigator and owning shares in Centro Oncologico Korben; providing consultancy or advisory roles for Pfizer; honoraria from AstraZeneca. Jaroslaw Kolb-Sielecki reports receiving travel support for attending congresses from AstraZeneca and F. Hoffmann-La Roche; primary investigator for AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, GSK, and Merck Sharp & Dohme. Amparo Yovanna Castro Sanchez is employed full-time at F. Hoffmann-La Roche and has stocks/shares in F. Hoffmann-La Roche. Alberto Bustillos is employed full-time at F. Hoffmann-La Roche and has stocks/shares in F. Hoffmann-La Roche. Luis Herraez-Baranda is employed full-time at F. Hoffmann-La Roche and has stocks/shares in F. Hoffmann-La Roche. Xiaoyan Liu is employed full-time at Genentech and has stocks/shares in F. Hoffmann-La Roche. Sang-We Kim reports advisory roles for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Novartis, Takeda, and Yuhan; invited speaker for Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Novartis, and Takeda; research funding from Yuhan. Federico Cappuzzo reports receiving consultancy fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Galecto, ILLUMINA, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mirati Therapeutics, Novocure, OSE, Pharmamar, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda, and Thermofisher; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Galecto, ILLUMINA, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mirati Therapeutics, Novocure, OSE, Pfizer, Pharmamar, Sanofi, Takeda, and Thermofisher; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Galecto, ILLUMINA, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mirati Therapeutics, Novocure, OSE, Pharmamar, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda, and Thermofisher.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Protocols were approved by the relevant institutional review boards at each study site.