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Article History

Received: 20 November 2025

Accepted: 20 February 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Binod Dhakal received research funding from Arcellx, BMS, C4 Therapeutics, Caribou Biosciences, CARsgen, Gracell, Janssen, Menarini and Sanofi; received honoraria from BMS, Janssen and Karyopharm; served on advisory boards for Arcellx, BMS, Genentech, GSK, Janssen, Karyopharm, Kite, Menarini, Pfizer and Sanofi. Moshe Y Levy is a speaker/consultant for Johnson & Johnson. Gilbert Ko, Jinghua He, Nina Kim, Wenze Tang, Tonya LeBlanc, Jessica Fowler, Niodita Gupta-Werner, and Shuchita Kaila are employees of Johnson & Johnson and may hold stock options and/or shares in Johnson & Johnson. Sarah Lucht, Camryn Craig, Bruce Feinberg, Madison Brown, Emily Bland, Sarah Giegerich, and JaLyna Laney are employees of Cardinal Health, which received fees from Johnson & Johnson for the conduct of this research. Peter Voorhees received honoraria for advisory boards from AbbVie Inc, Ascentage Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GSK, Johnson & Johnson, Kite, Pfizer, Regeneron and Sanofi.

: All physicians in OPEN are able to participate in research overseen by a central institutional review board (IRB). This study was exempt from review by an IRB because the database is compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), does not involve interaction or interview with any patients, and does not include any individually identifiable data. As such this study is not research involving human patients, as defined in 45 CFR 46.102(f)(2). This study used existing fully de-identified data and the investigators cannot be identified, directly or through identifiers linked to patients, and therefore is exempt from all 45 CFR part 46 requirements.