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Authors
Carpén, Timo
Hadj-Allal, Zakarya
Nikkilä, Rayan
Hansen, Johnni
Heikkinen, Sanna
Lynge, Elsebeth
Martinsen, Jan Ivar
Selander, Jenny
Mehlum, Ingrid Sivesind
Wojewodzic, Marcin W.
Torfadottir, Jóhanna Eyrún
Mäkitie, Antti
Pukkala, Eero
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Helsinki University Hospital
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Article History
Received: 23 February 2026
Accepted: 7 April 2026
First Online: 30 April 2026
Declarations
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: Timo Carpén, Zakarya Hadj-Allal, Rayan Nikkilä, Johnni Hansen, Sanna Heikkinen, Elsebeth Lynge, Jan Ivar Martinsen, Jenny Selander, Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum, Marcin W. Wojewodzic, Jóhanna Eyrún Torfadottir, Antti Mäkitie and Eero Pukkala declare that they have no competing interests.
: This registry-based study did not include any human interventions. The NOCCA study had permissions and ethical approvals as required in each of the five countries at the time of data collection. The data were anonymized prior to analyses.
