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Article History

Received: 6 March 2026

Accepted: 13 April 2026

First Online: 3 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Benoît Godbert has received consulting and congress fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Regeneron, Roche and Sanofi. Elisa Gobbini has received speaker’s bureau honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Regeneron and Sanofi; and is the spouse of an AstraZeneca employee. Chantal Decroisette has participated in advisory boards for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson and Johnson, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche and Takeda. Hervé Lena has participated in advisory boards for Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Regeneron and Roche; and has received consulting and congress fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Roche and Takeda. Yaacoub Khalife, Florence Brellier and Anne Fleuriet are employees of and hold stock or stock options in Bristol Myers Squibb. Maeva Zysman has received grants and personal fees from Avadel Pharmaceuticals and Boehringer Ingelheim; personal fees from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, CSL Behring, GSK, Menarini and Sanofi; and financial support to attend meetings and/or travel from AstraZeneca, Chiesi and GSK (unrelated to this work). Thomas Egenod has been an investigator in clinical trials sponsored by AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Roche and Takeda; and has participated in advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Roche and Takeda. Nicolas Girard has received research grants/support from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Beigene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen, LeoPharma, Lilly, Merk Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Sanofi and Sivan; has provided consulting services for AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Beigene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, Ipsen Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen, LeoPharma, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mirati, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, Sivan and Takeda; has participated on a data safety monitoring board for Hoffmann-La Roche; and reports the employment of a family member with AstraZeneca.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments, the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE) Guidelines for Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practices (GPP) and applicable regulatory requirements. All required approvals from ethics committees, independent review committees, regulatory authorities and/or other local governance bodies were obtained prior to study initiation (EudraCT/ID RCB no. 2020-A00769-30). All patients provided oral informed consent and were permitted to withdraw from the study at any stage.