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Authors
Mäkitie, Riikka E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2907-3348
Martinsen, Jan I.
Lappi-Heikkinen, Sanna
Hansen, Johnni
Lynge, Elsebeth
Selander, Jenny
Mehlum, Ingrid S.
Torfadottir, Jóhanna E.
Wojewodzic, Marcin W.
Nikkilä, Rayan
Mäkitie, Antti
Pukkala, Eero
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Korvatautien Tutkimussäätiö
Finska Läkaresällskapet
Sigrid Juséliuksen Säätiö
Helsingin ja Uudenmaan Sairaanhoitopiiri
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Article History
Received: 23 February 2026
Accepted: 17 April 2026
First Online: 13 May 2026
Declarations
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: Riikka E Mäkitie, Jan I Martinsen, Sanna Lappi-Heikkinen, Johnni Hansen, Elsebeth Lynge, Jenny Selander, Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum, Jóhanna Eyrun Torfadottir, Marcin W. Wojewodzic, Rayan Nikkilä, Antti Mäkitie, and Eero Pukkala declare no competing interests.
: The presented manuscript is based on data from existing registries and did not include human intervention nor contact with patients. The NOCCA study had ethics approvals and permissions as required in each of the participating five countries at the time of data collection. Data were anonymized prior to analyses. All parts of the study involving patient data were in accordance with institutional and/or national research committee ethical standards and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki or comparable ethical standards. No ethics approval or consent to participate were needed in this retrospective study. We did not have access to the NOCCA cohort, just to tabulated data.
