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Article History

Received: 8 April 2026

Accepted: 27 May 2026

First Online: 26 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Brian I. Rini reports participation in advisory boards for Merck, Pfizer, Eisai, Arcus Biosciences, and Aveo Pharmaceuticals; invited speaker (institutional) for Merck, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Adela, Arcus Biosciences, Regeneron, and Arcus; and research funding (institutional) from Bristol Myers Squibb. Benjamin Garmezy reports consulting (institutional) for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bicycle Therapeutics, BioNTech, Bristol Myers Squibb, EMD Serono, Eisai, Exelixis, GlaxoSmithKline, Immunocore, Janssen, Merck, Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Novartis, Onviv, Pfizer, Roche-Genentech, Specialty Therapeutics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, and Xencor; research grants (institutional) from AbbVie, Accutar Biotechnology, Adcentrx, Adicet Therapeutics, Amgen, Arcus Biosciences, Arvinas, AstraZeneca, Avenzo Therapeutics, Aveo Pharmaceuticals, Bicycle Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, CRISPR Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo, Eikon Therapeutics, Exelixis, Roche-Genentech, Flare Therapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline, Halda Therapeutics, Harbour BioMed, HiberCell, Ideaya Biosciences, Incyte, Janssen, Janux Therapeutics, Jubilant Therapeutics, Kinnate Biopharma, Lilly, Loxo Oncology, Merck, Mink Therapeutics, Novartis, Nuvation, Pizer, Profound Therapeutics, Rise Therapeutics, Rondo Therapeutics, Takeda, Teon Therapeutics, Tmunity Therapeutics, Xencor, and Zenshine.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.