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Article History

Received: 1 May 2026

Accepted: 19 June 2026

First Online: 28 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Sridevi Rajeeve received honoraria from Johnson & Johnson and research support from Johnson & Johnson, BMS, C4 Therapeutics, Heidelberg Pharma, and Gracell Biotechnologies; and is also part of BMS advisory board/steering committee of Gracell Biotechnologies. Saurabh P. Nagar, Sabyasachi Ghosh, Victoria Alegria, and Zaina P. Qureshi are employees and stockholders of Johnson & Johnson. Justin Hayne is an employee of Legend Biotech and owns stock/stock options in Legend Biotech. Bruno Emond and Jessica Maitland are employees of Analysis Group ULC, a consulting company that has provided paid consulting services to Johnson & Johnson. Larry D. Anderson Jr. has provided consultancy to Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Celgene, Arcellx/Kite, Karyopharm, GlaxoSmithKline, AbbVie, Johnson & Johnson, Prothena, Sanofi, Beigene, Cellectar Biosciences, and Amgen; received research funding from Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Celgene, AbbVie, and Cellectar Biosciences; received honoraria from Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Celgene, Arcellx/Kite, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Prothena, Sanofi, Pfizer, Beigene, Cellectar Biosciences, and Amgen; and participated in a Board of Directors or Advisory Committee for Celgene, Arcellx/Kite, GlaxoSmithKline, AbbVie, Karyopharm, Johnson & Johnson, Prothena, Sanofi, Pfizer, Beigene, Cellectar Biosciences, and Amgen.

: This study was considered exempt from review by an institutional review board as it involved only the secondary use of fully de-identified data in compliance with HIPAA, specifically, 45 CFR § 164.514. Additionally, this study did not involve interaction with human subjects or access to identifiable private information. All structured and unstructured data, including physician notes, were de-identified by Loopback Analytics prior to access by the study team or third-party data abstractor, and no identifiable patient information was available to investigators at any time. Loopback Analytics’ de-identification process included removal and obfuscation of protected health information in accordance with HIPAA standards, including removal or transformation of HIPAA identifiers and replacement of direct identifiers with synthetic surrogates using a “hiding in plain sight” methodology. Accordingly, the study was considered exempt under 45 CFR § 46.104(d)(4).