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Authors
Wu, Jie
Yao, Aijun
Zhang, Jialong
Ma, Zeshuai
Qin, Shengwang
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 5 February 2026
First Online: 2 April 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable. This study does not involve human participants, animal subjects, or any data requiring ethical approval.
: All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication in Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
