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Article History

Received: 1 March 2026

Accepted: 14 April 2026

First Online: 30 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

: The authors utilized Gemini to assist in the initial identification of relevant scholarly literature and generate figures. All sources identified by the AI were manually verified for existence, accuracy, and relevance by the authors. The final selection of literature and the synthesis of arguments remain the sole responsibility of the authors.

: Disclaimer: The opinions expressed within the contents are solely the authors’ and do not reflect the opinions of the institutions or companies with which they are affiliated. Daniel Davi-Arderius works at e-Distribución Redes Digitales, SLU (Endesa) and is part of the EU DSO Entity. Golnoush Soroush works at the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO).