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Authors
Guo, Zhiyi https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0836-1929
Mustafa, Muhizam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5132-086X
Ning, Yueyue https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2825-219X
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Article History
Received: 7 November 2025
Accepted: 5 January 2026
First Online: 20 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee, the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision), and the Administrative Measures for Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Beings issued by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (2023). Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM/JEPeM/PP/25020205).
: All participants were informed about the purpose and procedures of the study and provided written informed consent prior to participation. Participation in the study was entirely voluntary, and participants were free to withdraw at any time without penalty or loss of benefits.
