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Article History

Received: 27 November 2015

Accepted: 6 December 2015

First Online: 30 December 2015

Compliance with ethical standards

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: Funding was provided by the Medical Research Council of UK (C. Cooper), by the US Department of Agriculture under agreement No. 58-1950-0-014 (R. A. Fielding) (the US Department of Agriculture wishes to note that the opinions, findings, conclusion, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Department).

: Jean-Yves Reginster has received consulting fees or paid advisory boards for Servier, Novartis, Negma, Lilly, Wyeth, Amgen, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche, Merckle, Nycomed-Takeda, NPS, IBSA-Genevrier, Theramex, UCB, Asahi Kasei, Endocyte; lecture fees from Merck Sharp and Dohme, Lilly, Rottapharm, IBSA, Genevrier, Novartis, Servier, Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Merckle, Teijin, Teva, Analis, Theramex, Nycomed, NovoNordisk, Ebewee Pharma, Zodiac, Danone, Will Pharma, Amgen.; Grant support from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Rottapharm, Teva, Roche, Amgen, Lilly, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Servier, Pfizer, Theramex, Danone, Organon, Therabel, Boehringer, Chiltern, Galapagos. Cyrus Cooper has received honoraria and consulting fees from Amgen, Glaxo SmithKline, ABBH, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Novartis, Servier, Medtronic and Roche. René Rizzoli has received consulting and lecture fees from Merck Sharp and Dohme, Eli Lilly, Amgen, Novartis, Servier, Nycomed, Nestlé and Danone. John A. Kanis has worked with and received funding from many companies and non-governmental organizations dealing with skeletal metabolism including research funding from the Health Technology Assessment NHS R&D HTA Programme of the UK; he has been involved with the development of the FRAX tool and with its continual update. Geoff Appelboom has played a consultant/advisory role for Neuro-Digital, Folup,Inc and Youv Labs, Inc. Ivan Bautmans: none. Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari has received speaking fees and/or consulting fees from Sanofi, MSD, Nestlé, DSM, WILD, Roche and Pfizer. Maarten Boers has received consultancy fees from Mundipharma, Roche, Pfizer, GSK, Novartis, BMS. Maria Luisa Brandi has received consulting and/or grant recipient from Amgen, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, NPS, Roche, and Servier. Olivier Bruyère has received grant support from IBSA, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Nutraveris, Novartis, Pfizer, Rottapharm, Servier, and Theramex; lecture fees from IBSA, Rottapharm, Servier, and SMB. Antonio Cherubini has had remuneration, has played a consultant/advisory role or funding from Boehringer and Menarini. Bruno Flamion: none. Roger A. Fielding has had remuneration, has played a consultant/advisory role, and has stock ownership of or funding from Eli Lilly, Dairy Management, Abbott, Pronutria, Segterra, Ammonett, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Regeneron, Pfizer, Astellas, and Nestec. Andrea Ildiko Gasparik: none. Luc Van Loon has received consulting and lecture fees from Danone. Eugene McCloskey has been involved with the development of the FRAX tool and with its continual update; has played a consultant/advisory role, and/or speaker and/or research funding for ActiveSignal, Amgen, ARUK, AstraZeneca, Consilient Healthcare, GSK, Hologic, i3 Innovus, Internis, IOF, Lilly, Medtronic, Merck, MRC, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, Synexus,Tethys, UCB, Unilever, and Warner Chilcott. Bruce H. Mitlak is an employee and has stock ownership in Eli Lilly and Company. Alberto Pilotto: none. Susanne Reiter-Niesert: none. Yves Rolland has received consulting and/or grant recipient from Amgen, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Lactalis, and Nutricia. Yannis Tsouderos is a former employee of Servier. Marjolein Visser: none. Alfonso J. Cruz Jentoft has had remuneration, has played a consultant/advisory role, or had funding from Novartis, Shire Pharmaceuticals, Regeneron, Celgene, Eli Lilly, AB Science, Roche and Otsuka.

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

: For this type of study formal consent is not required.