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Article History

Received: 31 January 2025

Accepted: 11 February 2025

First Online: 13 March 2025

Declarations

:

: TBS has received research grants from Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, GSK, Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Boston Scientific and GE Healthcare, consulting fees from Novo Nordisk, IQVIA, Parexel, Amgen, CSL Seqirus, GSK and Sanofi Pasteur, and lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis, Sanofi Pasteur, GE healthcare and GSK. EBN conducts clinical vaccine trials sponsored by Sanofi Pasteur, Pfizer, MSD, Moderna, GSK, Janssen, and has participated in advisory boards for the same companies with payment of honoraria made to her institution. MDR reports having collaborated on epidemiology research projects funded by or having provided consultancy services to Sanofi, CSL Seqirus, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and MSD. MG declares an unrestricted educational grant from Moderna and consultancy fee from Pfizer and GSK. SG has received grant support from GSK, Genentech, Icosavax, Janssen/J&J, Moderna, Pfizer, and Sanofi; served as a consultant or received honoraria for speaking from AstraZeneca, Genetech, Icosavax, Janssen/J&J, Moderna, Novavax, Pfizer, Sanofi and Seqirus in the last two years. DP has received speaker fees from Daiichi-Sankyo and is supported by a research grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Grant: ‘Ricerca corrente’). MV has received honoraria for speaker bureau or advisory board from GSK, Pfizer, Sanofi and Seqirus. TW has received lecture or consultancy fees from Bavarian Nordic, BioNTech, GSK, Moderna, MSD, Pfizer, Sanofi, Seqirus. No other author has any conflict of interest to declare in relation to this work.