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Authors
Yin, Shenhan
Su, Jianhua
Bao, Jisheng
Yu, Haibin
Liu, Menglan
Ji, Xiaolin
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Article History
Received: 23 May 2025
Revised: 21 August 2025
Accepted: 12 September 2025
First Online: 6 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: CHARLS survey received ethical approval from the Peking University Biomedical Ethics Review Committee (Approval Number: IRB00001052–11015). All participants who agreed to take part in the survey were required to sign consent. Since only de-identified, publicly available data were used, no additional ethics approval was required for data users.
: Not applicable.
