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Authors
Wang, Jie
Liu, Chang
Li, Xiangyun
Cao, Xiuzhu
Qiu, Leilei
Li, Duanbin
Zhao, Linfang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Lin Fang Zhao reports grants from the Health Commission of Zhejiang Province (2023KY803, 2023KY803, 2023KY803, 2023KY803)
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Article History
Received: 19 April 2025
Revised: 5 September 2025
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 13 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Jie Wang: Writing – original draft, Result interpretation, Date analysis; Chang Liu: Validation, Conceptualization, Supervision, Software; Xiangyun Li: Visualization, Supervision; Xiuzhu Cao: Writing – review & editing, Supervision; Leilei Qiu: Methodology. Duanbin Li: Writing – review & editing; Linfang Zhao: Conceptualization, Supervision.
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the original CHARLS was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University. The survey respondents provided informed consent prior to their participation. The dataset used in this study is a publicly available dataset.
