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Authors
Kirkham-Wilson, Fiona https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3378-1404
Westbury, Leo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5853-8096
Bevilacqua, Gregorio https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7819-1482
Laskou, Faidra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8481-6343
Fuggle, Nicholas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5463-2255
Dennison, Elaine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3048-4961
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health and Care Research
Medical Research Council
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Article History
Received: 27 August 2025
Revised: 6 October 2025
Accepted: 8 October 2025
First Online: 25 November 2025
Declarations
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: NF reports speaker fees for UCB, Viatris and Amgen, and travel bursaries from Pfizer and Eli Lilly. ED is on the Editorial Board for Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, and declares consultancy and speaker fees from Pfizer, UCB and Lilly. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
: HCS had ethical approval from the Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Local Research Ethics Committee at baseline, and the 2011 follow-up had ethical approval from the East and North Hertfordshire Ethical Committees. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the relevant research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration (as amended) or comparable standards.
: Participants gave written informed consent to participate in the study and for their health records to be accessed in future.
