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Authors
Ren, Jigang
Li, Huibiao
Liufu, Li
Yang, YuPing
Long, Danting
Liu, Hong
Chen, Lidian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
This work was supported by the Key Research and Development project funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. (2023YFC3503701)
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Article History
Received: 16 August 2025
Revised: 27 October 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the NCHS Research Ethics Review Board.
: All participants in the NHANES study had given written informed consent. The survey protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the NCHS, and all data used in this study are publicly available and de-identified.
