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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Revised: 12 November 2025

Accepted: 15 November 2025

First Online: 22 December 2025

Declarations

:

: M.D.R. reports having collaborated on research projects related to the epidemiology of influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2, funded by, or having provided consultancy services to, or received research or travel grants from AstraZeneca, GSK, CSL Seqirus, Moderna, MSD, Pfizer, and Sanofi. M.D.R. and J.P also report that the activities of the Adult Immunization Board are supported by an unrestricted grant from Vaccines Europe; he secretariat of the AIB retains full control over meeting topics, meeting reports and content on the website. N.V. is the Editor in Chief of Aging Clinical Experimental Research. He received personal fees from Sanofi, outside of the scope of the work. G.G. has received honoraria for participation in advisory boards, expert meetings and speaker’s fees from: MSD, GSK, Sanofi Pasteur, Pfizer, Moderna, Seqirus, Bavarian Nordic, Merck, Viatris, AstraZeneca. S.G. has received consulting/honoraria: AstraZeneca, Icosavax, Novavax, Shionogi; consulting, honoraria and Grant Funding: Curevac, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen/J&J, Moderna, Pfizer, Sanofi, Seqirus. M.H. has received research grants paid to institution from Radius Health and Angelini Pharma, consulting fee (pay to institution) from Grunenthal and Pfizer, lectures fees from IBSA (paid to institution) and Echolight. P.M. was speaker and advisory Boards for Pfizer , Sanofi, AstraZeneca , Enanta and MSD vaccines, mAbs ans antivirals. M.C.P. was speaker for Sanofi, Gilead, Pfizer. G.A.V.E. declares speakers fee from Sanofi, Viatris, MSD and Moderna. M.R. has received honoraria for participation in advisory boards, expert meetings and speaker’s fees from: Pfizer. G.K. has relationships with all vaccine manufacturers in the UK. The other authors declared no conflicts of interest for this work.