Article History
Received: 6 November 2025
Accepted: 6 April 2026
First Online: 19 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The CHARLS study protocol obtained ethical approval from the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University (IRB: 00001052–11015), and all participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.