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Authors
Wan, Guangzhi
Ma, Chunyan
Ma, Chunqiao
Guan, Jingzhi
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Article History
Received: 5 May 2026
Accepted: 10 June 2026
First Online: 26 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The Health and Retirement Study was approved by the University of Michigan Institutional Review Board, and all participants provided written informed consent. All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the relevant institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study used de-identified secondary data.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Clinical trial number: Not applicable.
