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Authors
Wang, Bingjie
Wang, Yanmei
Xin, Ying
Song, Li
Zhang, Chunmei
Han, Yuping
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Nursing Research Project of Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (HL2025-46)
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Article History
Received: 10 March 2026
Accepted: 17 August 2026
First Online: 21 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
Human ethics and consent to participate: This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Nursing and Rehabilitation at Shandong University (Ethics No. 2022-R-020). All participants signed informed consent forms before taking part in the study.
