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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52202483)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52108476)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52388102)
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Article History
Received: 17 February 2025
Revised: 27 May 2025
Accepted: 1 July 2025
First Online: 2 August 2025
Declarations
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: Prof. Wanming Zhai is the editor-in-chief for Railway Engineering Science and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. All authors declare that there are no potential conflict of interests.
