Mosleh, Araliya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6751-0388
Mohammadi, Mohammadreza
Silva, Ruben
Magalhães, Jorge
Jorge, Tomás
Vale, Cecilia
Ribeiro, Diogo
Zhai, Wanming
Article History
Received: 23 January 2025
Revised: 30 November 2025
Accepted: 6 December 2025
First Online: 14 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. The authors also confirm that Prof. Zhai, the Editor-in-Chief of Railway Engineering Science, was excluded from the editorial review or decision process for this manuscript.