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Authors
Wainaina, Caroline W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3296-3966
Browne, Joyce L.
Igonya, Emmy Kageha
Wekesah, Frederick Murunga
Ziraba, Abdhalah K.
Maina, Stephen
Iddi, Samuel
Sidze, Estelle M.
Janssens, Wendy
de Wit, John B.F.
Bloemenkamp, Kitty W. M.
Kumar, Manasi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Amsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development
BRAC Institute of Governance and Development
Global Health Support Program, Utrecht University
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Article History
Accepted: 17 September 2025
First Online: 11 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was secured from Amref Health Africa’s Ethical and Scientific Research Committee (AMREF ESRC P1119/2021), along with permissions from the County Government of Kakamega and a research permit from NACOSTI.
: Trained research assistants conducted the consent process, informing participants of their rights, the study’s objectives, and the use of their information. Participants who agreed signed the informed consent form.
: Not applicable
: The authors declare no competing interests.
