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Article History

Received: 7 August 2023

Revised: 25 October 2023

Accepted: 27 October 2023

First Online: 8 November 2023

Declarations

:

: Deemed to be unnecessary by institutional review board since the dataset is publicly available and de-identified.

: Not-applicable since the study used a de-identified existing dataset.

: The authors completed all necessary training for use of the National Inpatient Sample. They also completed the data use agreement.

: The authors declare no competing interests.