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Authors
Allen, Sophia I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1809-3749
Bordner, Candace R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1087-2916
D’Souza-Rushton, Gail https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5307-7771
Krebs, Nicolle M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5824-4572
Hobkirk, Andrea L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-3963
Calo, William A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8452-5063
Houser, Kenneth R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4457-5853
Livelsberger, Craig https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6444-5102
Foulds, Jonathan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2296-0726
Henry, Tilicea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1953-7081
Eisele, Caroline https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4753-4803
Yingst, Jessica https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3028-668X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA053410)
National Jewish Health
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Article History
Received: 22 October 2024
Revised: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 31 July 2025
First Online: 13 August 2025
Declarations
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: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval for this research was granted by the Penn State Institutional Review Board.
: Informed consent was collected prior to participants starting the study.
: The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication or presentation resulting from the research.
: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: J.F. has done paid consulting for pharmaceutical companies involved in producing smoking cessation medications over 3 years ago. The other authors have no disclosures, financial, or competing interests to report related to this publication. No copyrighted material was adapted or reused.
