Connell, Celeste https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2335-3156
Giles, Jason https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8885-7292
Mueller, Noel T.
Perng, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-6850
Dabelea, Dana https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9514-8929
Shapiro, Allison https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8334-974X
Bekelman, Traci A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0840-1186
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK076648)
Article History
Received: 4 June 2025
Revised: 5 December 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 16 April 2026
Declarations
:
: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board (COMIRB) Protocol 09-0563. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.