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Authors
Kalle, Fanta https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5993-0960
Odukudu, God-dowell https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4515-7028
Mbisike, Chinwe
Azees, Ridwan
Dairo, Dokun
Taha, Yasir
Bakinde, Nicolas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6821-3649
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Article History
Received: 2 January 2026
Revised: 22 March 2026
Accepted: 27 March 2026
First Online: 17 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study used publicly available, de-identified data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board approved the NHANES protocols, and all participants provided written informed consent. The present secondary data analysis was exempt from additional institutional review board approval.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants as part of the NHANES study.
: Not applicable. This study used publicly available, de-identified data and does not include individual-level identifiable information.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
