Document is current

Article History

Received: 26 September 2025

Revised: 29 July 2026

Accepted: 11 August 2026

First Online: 27 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics Approval: This study analysed publicly available, de-identified secondary data and did not constitute human subjects research; institutional review board approval was therefore not required. The original NSDUH data collection was reviewed and approved by the Research Triangle Institute International Review Board.

Consent to Participate: Not applicable. Informed consent was obtained from all participants by SAMHSA at the time of the original NSDUH data collection. The present secondary analysis used de-identified data and involved no direct contact with participants.

Consent for Publication: Not applicable. The manuscript contains no identifiable data, images, or details relating to any individual person.

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest or competing interests to disclose.