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Authors
Zhang, Shuo
Peng, Nan
Xue, Mengyao
Fan, Yuqing
Jiang, Linfeng
Yao, Dongning https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0527-8322
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Article History
Received: 6 July 2025
Revised: 13 August 2026
Accepted: 25 August 2026
First Online: 21 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics Approval: This study was exempt from Institutional Review Board approval, as it utilized de-identified, publicly accessible data from the NIS database without any personally identifiable information.
Consent to Participate: Not applicable. This study used de-identified data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample (NIS), and no informed consent was required.
Consent for Publication: Not applicable
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests
