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Authors
Melhorn, Philipp https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8920-0206
Zhitia, Genti
Raderer, Markus
Kiesewetter, Barbara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5490-2371
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical University of Vienna
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Article History
Received: 1 December 2025
Accepted: 1 March 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest related to the present work. BK received honoraria for lectures or advisory board participation from the following for-profit companies (all outside of the submitted work): from AAA, AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ipsen, MSD, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Roche, and Janssen Cilag. MR received honoraria for lectures or advisory board participation from the following for-profit companies (all outside of the submitted work): AbbVie, Gilead, Galapagos Pharma, Celgene, BMS, Ipsen, Novartis, Roche, Eisai, and Eli Lilly. All other authors have no disclosures to report.
Ethical approval: This study has received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Vienna (EK No: 1852/2023).
Statement on the use of artificial intelligence: Artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies were used in the conduct of this study. ChatGPT version 4 and newer (OpenAI, Inc.; 2023-2026; https://chatgpt.com/) was used to support R programming for statistical analyses and data visualization. The author(s) reviewed all outputs of this AI-assisted tool/service and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of this work.
