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Article History

Received: 7 April 2025

Accepted: 17 April 2025

First Online: 19 June 2025

Conflict of interest

: S. Arasi reports grants/research support from the Italian Ministry of Health; receipt of honoraria or consultancy fees from Mabylon, Novartis and participation in a company-sponsored speaker’s bureau from DBV Technologies, Stallergenes Greer and Ulrich—outside the submitted work. L. Lange claims to have been a paid consultant to Aimmune, DBV Technologies and Nestle. He has given paid lectures for Aimmune, DBV Technologies, Nestle and Nutricia—outside the submitted work. J. Hagemann has received lecture fees and advisory board fees from HAL Allergy, Sanofi Genzyme D, GSK D, GSK Global and Novartis Pharma D in addition to the work submitted here. L. Klimek reports grants and/or personal fees from Allergopharma, MEDA/Mylan, HAL Allergie, ALK Abelló, LETI Pharma, Stallergenes, Quintiles, Sanofi, Lofarma, Allergy Therapeut., Astrazeneca, GSK, Inmunotk, Cassella med—outside the submitted work; and membership: AeDA, DGHNO, Deutsche Akademie für Allergologie und klinische Immunologie, HNO-BV, GPA and EAACI. L. Klimek is editor of the Allergo Journal and Allergo Journal International. R. Brehler was speaker and consultant for: AeDA, ALK, Allergopharma, Apothekerkammer Westfalen-Lippe, Astrazeneca, Behring, Bencard, BVDD, Coglitando, DGP, DIATER, ECM Expo&Conference Management, Mein Allergie Portal, Forum für med. Fortbildung FomF, GSK, HAL, Leti, Lilly, MedUpdate, Merck, Novartis, RG-Gesellschaft für Information und Organisation, Sanofi, Stallergenes Greer, Takeda, Thermo-Fischer and med update; clinical studies for: ALK; Allergopharma, Bencard, Biotech Tools, Circassia, Genentech, Novartis and Stallergenes. C. Vogelberg reports grants and/or personal fees from Aimmune Therapeutics, Allergopharma, ALK, Allergy Therapeutics, Bencard Allergie, DBV Technology, AstraZeneca, LETI Pharma, Sanofi, Stallergenes Greer, Thermo Fisher, Forum für med. Fortbildung FomF GmbH, RG-Gesellschaft für Information und Organisation mbH, AeDA, GPA outside of the submitted work and membership: AeDA, GPA, EAACI, DGAKI. K. Blümchen, N. Knappe, K. Nemat, St. Röseler, M. Gerstlauer, F. Bärhold, I. Casper, P. Eigenmann and A. Fiocchi declare that there are no conflicts of interest in connection with the present work.