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Authors
Chishima, Iwao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5015-9958
Koga, Chie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1971-4308
Ide, Kazushige https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9933-354X
Kondo, Katsunori https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0076-816X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (15H01972)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20H00557)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21H03196)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (22K13558)
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (H28-002)
National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (21‐20)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (2R01AG042463-06)
Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JPMJOP1831)
Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo Denki University (20K13721)
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Article History
Accepted: 18 July 2025
First Online: 20 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Chiba University (Approval No. M10460).
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Completion and return of the self-administered questionnaire was considered to imply consent to participate.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
