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Authors
Bassford, Jacquelyn H. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0251-8550
Haberstroh, Shane https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6830-9958
Keene, Chesleigh N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7193-755X
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Article History
Accepted: 8 October 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Declarations
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: The dataset used in this study is a public use dataset and de-identified; therefore, the study was exempted Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. According Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA): “MH-CLD releases yearly public-use files (PUFs). These are full datasets treated with confidentiality protections” (SAMSA, 2021, para. 1).
: There are no competing interests to disclose.
: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
