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Authors
Ma, Lindsay J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1395-5191
Al-Khafaji, Jawad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7622-2879
Taylor, Stephanie P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6163-9666
Grondin, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7919-532X
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Article History
Accepted: 22 January 2025
First Online: 4 February 2025
Declarations
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: This study (HUM00219174) was deemed exempt from institutional review by the University of Michigan’s Health Sciences and Behavioral Sciences Institutional Review Board (IRB-HSBS) on June 28, 2022. IRB exemption from IRB-HSBS review was granted under 2(i) and/or 2(ii) of 45 CFR 46.104(d)) []. Formal consent was not explicitly requested from participating medical students (adult participants), and an explicit consent waiver was not obtained from the IRB-HSBS. However, this was an educational quality improvement project, and student participation was implied as voluntary in our communication with student participants.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
