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Authors
Olvet, Doreen M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-3787
Kruidering, Marieke https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9374-8426
Fulton, Tracy B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2799-5055
Truong, Bao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3401-0763
Endo, Kumiko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1061-8133
Lucito, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8756-4615
Willey, Joanne M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4544-4417
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
International Association of Medical Science Educators (International Association of Medical Science Educators)
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Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 1 January 2026
First Online: 3 March 2026
Declarations
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: The study was deemed exempt from review by each schools’ Institutional Review Board (Hofstra University IRB #20240307-SOM-OLV-1 and UCSF IRB #24-41146).
: N/A.
: Bao Truong, MD, is a co-founder, Chief Executive Officer, and majority shareholder of Med2Lab Inc., a US-based company that develops AI-driven educational tools. Kumiko Endo, PhD, is a co-founder, Chief Operating Officer, and shareholder of Med2Lab Inc. BT and KE have disclosed a financial relationship with Med2Lab Inc., which includes board membership, employment, and equity or stock ownership. They confirm that they had no involvement or influence in the design of the methodology or the results of this study.
