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Authors
Lutz, Barb https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3520-4532
Scheve, Jessica
Lilley, Stacey https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7749-6521
Bohecker, Lynn https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-6561
Holstun, Vasti https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2748-3068
Love, Kim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-9525
McKinnon, Jon C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1713-7399
Strivings, Amanda
Ramerth, Teresa
Severance, Scott https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0391-7418
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Article History
Received: 21 August 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 17 March 2026
Declarations
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: The Liberty University Institutional Review Board reviewed and approved the use of human subjects for this research (IRB # FY21-22-874). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment.
: Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine’s Department of Research and Grants provided funding to purchase the one-year license for the RS-14™ survey from The Resilience Center and one ear probe with HeartMath® emWave® Pro Plus software (HeartMath®, Boulder Creek, California).
: The Liberty University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) reviewed the partnership of horses for this project and determined that IACUC approval was not required because no research was conducted on animals.
