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Authors
Khamis, Nehal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8705-2126
Ungaretti, Toni https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7687-8771
Kern, David E.
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Article History
Received: 16 December 2025
Accepted: 27 February 2026
First Online: 16 March 2026
Declarations
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: Generative AI tools (ChatGPT, OpenAI, San Francisco, CA; GPT-4 and 5.2) were used to support language refinement and to suggest alternative phrasings during the preparation of this manuscript. All outputs were reviewed and edited by the authors, who take full responsibility for the content and accuracy.
: Nehal Khamis, is the founder and owner of Smart MedEd Solutions (SMES) LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, which offers faculty development courses and consultations. David Kern is a co-author and editor of The Six-Step Approach to Curriculum Development in Medical Education and receives royalties from the publisher. He also serves as a collaborating consultant for SMES and receives honoraria for teaching in SMES courses. Toni Ungaretti serves as a collaborating consultant for SMES. She is not involved in SMES course planning or delivery and has not received any financial compensation from SMES.
