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Article History

Received: 11 November 2024

Accepted: 12 February 2025

First Online: 5 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Anca D Askanase has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Aurinia, AstraZeneca, BMS and GSK; and has been an investigator for GSK, Janssen, Pfizer, UCB, Vielo, AstraZeneca and Eli Lilly. Anca D Askanase is an Editorial Board member of Rheumatology and Therapy. Anca D Askanase was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Richard Furie has received research support from GSK and is an advisory board member for GSK. Maria Dall’Era has received consulting fees from Aurinia, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Gilead, Pfizer and GSK. Andrew S Bomback has received consulting fees from Alexion, Principio, Calliditas, Aurinia, Catalyst, Travere, GSK, Visterra, Silence, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, ChemoCentrx, and Novartis. Andreas Schwarting has received research grant support from GSK, Novartis and Pfizer; and has been an advisory board and speaker bureau member for GSK. Andreas Schwarting is an Editorial Board member of Rheumatology and Therapy. Andreas Schwarting was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Ming-Hui Zhao has been a consultant or advisory board member for GSK, AstraZeneca, Roche, Novartis, Bayer and BeiGene. Ian N Bruce is a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator Emeritus and is funded by the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR 203308). His institution has received research grants from GSK and Genzyme/Sanofi and consultancy fees from GSK, UCB, Eli Lilly, BMS, Merck Serono, Aurinia, and IL-TOO. Dr. Bruce has received speaker fees from GSK, AstraZeneca, and UCB. Dr Bruce's current affiliation is Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK. Ronald van Vollenhoven has received consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Biotest, BMS, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Pfizer, Sanofi, Servier, UCB, and Vielabio; speaker honoraria from AbbVie, Galapagos, GSK, Janssen, Pfizer and UCB, and support for educational programs and institutional grants from Pfizer and Roche. Murray B. Urowitz has received research grant support from GSK and has been an advisory board and speaker bureau member for GSK, and an advisory board member for AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, and UCB. Munther Khamashta, Angela Carroll and Roger A Levy are employed by GSK and hold financial equities in GSK. Bernard Rubin was an employee of GSK at the time of the study, and holds financial equities in the company; his current affiliation is Progentec Diagnostics, Inc., Oklahoma City, OK, USA. 

: Ethics approval was not applicable. This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Patients or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting or dissemination plans of this research.