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Article History

Received: 29 July 2025

Accepted: 3 September 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Conflict of Interest

: Claudia A. Salinas, Baojin Zhu, Peter Fischer, and Walter Deberdt are full-time employees and minor shareholders of Eli Lilly and Company. Anthony Louder is now an employee of Johnson&Johnson, NJ, USA. Jennifer Polinski is now an employee of Aetion, a Datavant Company, and holds stock options in Datavant, USA. Tancy C Zhang has been employee of AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK since May 2025. Hannah Bower has no conflicts of interest to disclose, she is now an employee of Red Door Analytics AB, Sweden. Syd Philips is now an employee of PPD Observational Studies, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA. Yufei Song is now an employee of PPD Observational Studies, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA, and is a part-time PhD student of Hainan University, Hainan, China. Emaan Rashidi is a current employee at IQVIA as disclosed at the time of the original publication; they now have an additional affiliation with the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health – Department of Epidemiology. They are currently a full-time PhD student funded by the NIH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute T32 Pharmacoepidemiology Training Grant. Rafia Bosan has nothing to disclose. Hsiu-Ching Chang is an employee of IQVIA, NC, USA. Nicole Foster is now an employee of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., MA, USA. Bernice Gershenson is now an employee and stockholder of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., MA, USA. Hisashi Yamanaka is an academic scientific committee member for CorEvitas LLC. Mitsumasa Kishimoto has received consulting fees and/or honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, Asahi-Kasei Pharma, Astellas, Ayumi Pharma, BMS, Chugai, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Kyowa Kirin, Novartis, Ono Pharma, Pfizer, Tanabe-Mitsubishi, Teijin Pharma, and UCB Pharma. Yoshiya Tanaka has received speaker fees and/or honoraria from Chugai, UCB, Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Behringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Eisai, IQVIA, Daiichi-Sankyo, Otsuka, Taisho, Gilead and Bristol Myers Squibb. They have moved to Department of Molecular Targeted Therapeutics, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan. Yoshiya Tanaka is an Editorial Board member of Rheumatology and Therapy. Yoshiya Tanaka was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Douglas Faries was a full-time employee of Eli Lilly when this work was conducted and retired in February 2024. Xiaodan Mai has nothing to disclose. Since September 2023, they have been an employee of Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals. Brett T Doherty was employed by Carelon Research, whose data were analyzed as part of this study, they served as the PI for Carelon Research’s contribution to this study. They are currently an employee and stockholder of Daiichi Sankyo Inc., NJ, USA. They received support for attending meetings and/or travel from Carelon Reseach and Daiichi Sankyo. Angela Grelaud has since changed affiliation, their current role is unrelated to the subject matter of this publication and is therefore not listed. Nicolas H. Thurin has no conflicts of interest to disclose. Johan Askling is the principal investigator for the ARTIS national safety monitoring of rheumatology immunomodulators which Karolina Institutet has entered into with Abbvie, BMS, Galapagos, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung Bioepos, Sanofi.

: This analysis was conducted on previously collected data and no new data was collected by any of the authors for this analysis.